Jerusalem, a hymn that has become a staple at British patriotic events, has been a topic of debate in recent years. Some have questioned whether or not it is suitable as a funeral hymn. The hymn, with lyrics by William Blake and music by Hubert Parry, has a long history and is deeply ingrained in British culture.
The hymn’s lyrics speak of Jerusalem as a holy city, a place of peace and prosperity. However, some have argued that the song’s association with British nationalism makes it an inappropriate choice for a funeral. Others have countered that the hymn’s message of hope and renewal is appropriate for a funeral, as it speaks to the idea of an afterlife and the promise of a better world beyond this one.
So, is Jerusalem a suitable funeral hymn? The answer is not clear-cut and depends on individual beliefs and cultural associations. In this article, we will explore the arguments for and against the use of Jerusalem as a funeral hymn, and examine the hymn’s history and cultural significance.
Origins and Authorship
William Blake’s Influence
The roots of “Jerusalem” can be traced back to the prophetic books of William Blake, an English poet, painter, and printmaker. Blake’s work, which was heavily influenced by his Christian beliefs, often dealt with themes of spirituality, morality, and the human condition. In his poem “Milton: A Poem,” Blake wrote the famous lines, “And did those feet in ancient time / Walk upon England’s mountains green?”
These lines would later serve as the inspiration for the lyrics of “Jerusalem,” which were penned by English poet and mystic, William Blake, in the early 19th century. Blake’s poem, “And did those feet in ancient time,” was first published in 1808 as part of a larger work called “Milton: A Poem.”
Sir Hubert Parry’s Composition
The music for “Jerusalem” was composed by Sir Hubert Parry, an English composer, teacher, and historian of music. Parry was a leading figure in the English musical renaissance of the late 19th and early 20th centuries and was known for his choral and orchestral works.
Parry’s composition was first performed in 1916, during World War I, as a patriotic song to rally the troops. The song quickly became popular and was adopted as an unofficial national anthem for England.
In conclusion, “Jerusalem” is a song that was born out of the creative genius of William Blake and the musical talent of Sir Hubert Parry. Its enduring popularity is a testament to its timeless lyrics and stirring melody, which continue to inspire and uplift people around the world.
Symbolism and Themes
Imagery in the Lyrics
The lyrics of “Jerusalem” are rich in symbolism, with several images used to convey the message of the song. The reference to “England’s green and pleasant land” is a nod to the natural beauty of the country, while the mention of “dark satanic mills” represents the industrialization that had taken over England during Blake’s time. The chariot and spear mentioned in the song are symbols of warfare and aggression, while the “clouded hills” and “pleasant pastures” represent the peaceful and idyllic aspects of the country.
Connection to England’s Identity
“Jerusalem” has become an important part of England’s national identity, with many people considering it to be an unofficial national anthem. The song’s use of imagery and symbolism has helped to create a powerful sense of national pride and identity, with the lyrics evoking a strong emotional response in many people. The reference to “England’s mountain green” and “England’s green and pleasant land” has become particularly iconic, with these lines often being quoted in discussions about English identity and culture.
Overall, the symbolism and themes in “Jerusalem” have helped to make it one of the most beloved songs in English history. The song’s use of powerful imagery and evocative language has helped to create a strong emotional connection with listeners, while its connection to England’s national identity has ensured that it remains an important part of the country’s cultural heritage.
Cultural and Historical Significance
Use in Public Events and Media
“Jerusalem” has been used in various public events and media, making it a significant part of British culture. The song has been a staple of the Last Night of the Proms since the early 20th century, where it is sung enthusiastically by the audience. It has also been used in film soundtracks, including “Four Weddings and a Funeral” and “The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner.”
In addition, “Jerusalem” was sung at the opening ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics in London. The song was performed by a choir of children from the capital’s schools, adding to the patriotic atmosphere of the event.
Evolution into a Funeral Hymn
Despite its popularity in public events, “Jerusalem” has also evolved into a funeral hymn. The song’s lyrics, which speak of building a new Jerusalem in England, have been interpreted as a metaphor for the afterlife. This has led to the song being played at funerals, particularly those of individuals who have made a significant contribution to British society.
The song’s use as a funeral hymn can be traced back to the Women Voters’ Hymn, which was written by suffragette Ethel Smyth in 1911. The hymn was later adopted by the National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies and the Women’s Institute, and was sung at the funeral of suffragette leader Emmeline Pankhurst.
In conclusion, “Jerusalem” has played a significant role in British culture, both as a patriotic song and as a funeral hymn. Its use in public events such as the Last Night of the Proms and the 2012 Summer Olympics, as well as in film soundtracks, has cemented its place in popular culture. Its evolution into a funeral hymn is a testament to the enduring power of its lyrics and melody.
Performance and Interpretation
Musical Arrangements
The melody and lyrics of “Jerusalem” have been arranged in various ways over the years, with different composers and performers adding their own interpretations. One notable arrangement is by Hubert Parry, who set the hymn to a new tune in 1916. This version, known as “Parry’s Jerusalem,” is often performed at patriotic events and has become a staple of British classical music.
Another popular arrangement is by William Blake, who wrote the lyrics to “Jerusalem” in 1804 as part of his epic poem “Milton.” Blake’s original melody was lost, but in 1916, Sir Edward Elgar created a new tune for the poem, which has since become a beloved choral work.
Contemporary Usage in Funerals
While “Jerusalem” is often associated with patriotic events, it has also become a popular hymn for funerals and memorial services. Many singers and choirs perform the song as an exit hymn, providing a solemn and uplifting send-off for the deceased.
In Christian funerals, “Jerusalem” is often sung alongside other traditional hymns such as “Amazing Grace,” “The Old Rugged Cross,” and “Lord of All Hopefulness.” The hymn’s message of hope and redemption, as well as its references to the biblical city of Jerusalem, make it a fitting choice for a Christian funeral.
However, “Jerusalem” is not limited to Christian funerals. The hymn’s universal themes of peace and justice have made it a popular choice for secular services as well. It is often sung alongside other non-religious hymns and songs, such as “Lord of the Dance” and “Psalm 23.”
Overall, “Jerusalem” remains a powerful and versatile hymn that can be adapted to various musical arrangements and contexts. Its enduring popularity is a testament to its timeless message of hope and unity.
Jerusalem Lyrics
“Jerusalem” is a hymn based on a poem by William Blake. The lyrics were first published in 1808 and set to music in 1916 by Sir Hubert Parry. The hymn has become a popular anthem in England, often sung at sporting events and patriotic occasions.
The lyrics of “Jerusalem” describe a mythical journey to Jerusalem, which Blake believed represented a utopian ideal. The first verse reads:
And did those feet in ancient time
Walk upon England's mountains green:
And was the holy Lamb of God,
On England's pleasant pastures seen!
The second verse continues the theme of a divine presence in England:
And did the Countenance Divine,
Shine forth upon our clouded hills?
And was Jerusalem builded here,
Among these dark Satanic Mills?
The final verse is a call to action, urging the reader to build a better society:
Bring me my Bow of burning gold;
Bring me my Arrows of desire:
Bring me my Spear: O clouds unfold!
Bring me my Chariot of fire!
I will not cease from Mental Fight,
Nor shall my Sword sleep in my hand:
Till we have built Jerusalem,
In England's green & pleasant Land.
Overall, the lyrics of “Jerusalem” evoke a sense of national pride and a desire for a better society. The hymn has become an important part of English culture and continues to be sung and celebrated today.